Treatment options for diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy
Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation in optometry,
Vol. 6 No. 2 (2025),
31 July 2025
,
Page 83-85
https://doi.org/10.51329/mehdioptometry226
Abstract
Letter to the Editor
Keywords:
- gestational diabetes mellitus
- diabetic retinopathies
- hyperglycemias
- blood flow
- intravitreal injection
- VEGFs
- laser therapies
References
1. Rashidian P. Pregnancy and diabetic retinopathy. Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation in optometry. 2024 Apr 30;5(1):35-42. doi: 10.51329/mehdioptometry195.
2. Widyaputri F, Rogers SL, Kandasamy R, Shub A, Symons RCA, Lim LL. Global Estimates of Diabetic Retinopathy Prevalence and Progression in Pregnant Women With Preexisting Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022 May 1;140(5):486-494. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.0050. PMID: 35357410; PMCID: PMC8972153.
3. Mallika P, Tan A, S A, T A, Alwi SS, Intan G. Diabetic retinopathy and the effect of pregnancy. Malays Fam Physician. 2010 Apr 30;5(1):2-5. PMID: 25606177; PMCID: PMC4170393.
4. Huang J, Liang C, Huang J, Liu L. Update on diabetic retinopathy during pregnancy. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2024 Nov;34(6):1695-1706. doi: 10.1177/11206721241248868. Epub 2024 May 6. PMID: 38710196.
5. Lee SC, Siebert E, Raja V, Mehrotra C, Richards J, Khan J, Graham DF. Determinants of progression of diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2024 Aug;214:111784. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111784. Epub 2024 Jul 14. PMID: 39004310.
6. Widyaputri F, Lim LL. Diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy: A growing problem. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2023 Apr;51(3):192-194. doi: 10.1111/ceo.14222. PMID: 37062881.
7. Chandrasekaran PR, Madanagopalan VG, Narayanan R. Diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy - A review. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021 Nov;69(11):3015-3025. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1377_21. PMID: 34708737; PMCID: PMC8725079.
8. Rosu LM, Prodan-B?rbulescu C, Maghiari AL, Bernad ES, Bernad RL, Iacob R, Stoicescu ER, Borozan F, Ghenciu LA. Current Trends in Diagnosis and Treatment Approach of Diabetic Retinopathy during Pregnancy: A Narrative Review. Diagnostics (Basel). 2024 Feb 8;14(4):369. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics14040369. PMID: 38396408; PMCID: PMC10887682.
9. Rathinavelu J, Sarvepalli SM, Bailey B, D'Alessio D, Hadziahmetovic M. The Impact of Pregnancy on Diabetic Retinopathy: A Single-Site Study of Clinical Risk Factors. Ophthalmic Res. 2023;66(1):1169-1180. doi: 10.1159/000533416. Epub 2023 Aug 11. PMID: 37573783; PMCID: PMC10614555.
10. Pappot N, Do NC, Vestgaard M, Ásbjörnsdóttir B, Hajari JN, Lund-Andersen H, Holmager P, Damm P, Ringholm L, Mathiesen ER. Prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy in pregnant women with diabetes-time to individualize photo screening frequency. Diabet Med. 2022 Jul;39(7):e14819. doi: 10.1111/dme.14819. Epub 2022 Feb 28. PMID: 35188688; PMCID: PMC9303564.
11. Dedania VS, Bakri SJ. Novel pharmacotherapies in diabetic retinopathy. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2015 Apr-Jun;22(2):164-73. doi: 10.4103/0974-9233.154389. PMID: 25949073; PMCID: PMC4411612.
12. Nicolò M, Musetti D, Traverso CE. Yellow micropulse laser in diabetic macular edema: a short-term pilot study. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2014 Nov-Dec;24(6):885-9. doi: 10.5301/ejo.5000495. Epub 2014 Jun 2. PMID: 24905254.
13. Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network; Elman MJ, Aiello LP, Beck RW, Bressler NM, Bressler SB, Edwards AR, Ferris FL 3rd, Friedman SM, Glassman AR, Miller KM, Scott IU, Stockdale CR, Sun JK. Randomized trial evaluating ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2010 Jun;117(6):1064-1077.e35. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.02.031. Epub 2010 Apr 28. PMID: 20427088; PMCID: PMC2937272.
14. Polizzi S, Mahajan VB. Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Injections in Pregnancy: Case Series and Review of Literature. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Dec;31(10):605-10. doi: 10.1089/jop.2015.0056. Epub 2015 Aug 24. PMID: 26302032; PMCID: PMC4677108.
15. Avery RL, Castellarin AA, Steinle NC, Dhoot DS, Pieramici DJ, See R, Couvillion S, Nasir MA, Rabena MD, Maia M, Van Everen S, Le K, Hanley WD. SYSTEMIC PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS OF INTRAVITREAL AFLIBERCEPT, BEVACIZUMAB, AND RANIBIZUMAB. Retina. 2017 Oct;37(10):1847-1858. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001493. PMID: 28106709; PMCID: PMC5642319.
16. Zehetner C, Kirchmair R, Huber S, Kralinger MT, Kieselbach GF. Plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor before and after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab, ranibizumab and pegaptanib in patients with age-related macular degeneration, and in patients with diabetic macular oedema. Br J Ophthalmol. 2013 Apr;97(4):454-9. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2012-302451. Epub 2013 Feb 5. PMID: 23385630.
17. Naderan M, Sabzevary M, Rezaii K, Banafshehafshan A, Hantoushzadeh S. Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor medications during pregnancy: current perspective. Int Ophthalmol. 2021 Feb;41(2):743-751. doi: 10.1007/s10792-020-01610-2. Epub 2020 Oct 12. PMID: 33044671.
18. Chi CC, Wang SH, Kirtschig G, Wojnarowska F. Systematic review of the safety of topical corticosteroids in pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010 Apr;62(4):694-705. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.09.041. Epub 2010 Feb 1. PMID: 20117858.
19. Concillado M, Lund-Andersen H, Mathiesen ER, Larsen M. Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant for Diabetic Macular Edema During Pregnancy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2016 May;165:7-15. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2016.02.004. Epub 2016 Feb 17. PMID: 26896557.
20. Gomu?ka K, Ruta M. The Role of Inflammation and Therapeutic Concepts in Diabetic Retinopathy-A Short Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jan 5;24(2):1024. doi: 10.3390/ijms24021024. PMID: 36674535; PMCID: PMC9864095
2. Widyaputri F, Rogers SL, Kandasamy R, Shub A, Symons RCA, Lim LL. Global Estimates of Diabetic Retinopathy Prevalence and Progression in Pregnant Women With Preexisting Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022 May 1;140(5):486-494. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.0050. PMID: 35357410; PMCID: PMC8972153.
3. Mallika P, Tan A, S A, T A, Alwi SS, Intan G. Diabetic retinopathy and the effect of pregnancy. Malays Fam Physician. 2010 Apr 30;5(1):2-5. PMID: 25606177; PMCID: PMC4170393.
4. Huang J, Liang C, Huang J, Liu L. Update on diabetic retinopathy during pregnancy. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2024 Nov;34(6):1695-1706. doi: 10.1177/11206721241248868. Epub 2024 May 6. PMID: 38710196.
5. Lee SC, Siebert E, Raja V, Mehrotra C, Richards J, Khan J, Graham DF. Determinants of progression of diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2024 Aug;214:111784. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111784. Epub 2024 Jul 14. PMID: 39004310.
6. Widyaputri F, Lim LL. Diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy: A growing problem. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2023 Apr;51(3):192-194. doi: 10.1111/ceo.14222. PMID: 37062881.
7. Chandrasekaran PR, Madanagopalan VG, Narayanan R. Diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy - A review. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021 Nov;69(11):3015-3025. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1377_21. PMID: 34708737; PMCID: PMC8725079.
8. Rosu LM, Prodan-B?rbulescu C, Maghiari AL, Bernad ES, Bernad RL, Iacob R, Stoicescu ER, Borozan F, Ghenciu LA. Current Trends in Diagnosis and Treatment Approach of Diabetic Retinopathy during Pregnancy: A Narrative Review. Diagnostics (Basel). 2024 Feb 8;14(4):369. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics14040369. PMID: 38396408; PMCID: PMC10887682.
9. Rathinavelu J, Sarvepalli SM, Bailey B, D'Alessio D, Hadziahmetovic M. The Impact of Pregnancy on Diabetic Retinopathy: A Single-Site Study of Clinical Risk Factors. Ophthalmic Res. 2023;66(1):1169-1180. doi: 10.1159/000533416. Epub 2023 Aug 11. PMID: 37573783; PMCID: PMC10614555.
10. Pappot N, Do NC, Vestgaard M, Ásbjörnsdóttir B, Hajari JN, Lund-Andersen H, Holmager P, Damm P, Ringholm L, Mathiesen ER. Prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy in pregnant women with diabetes-time to individualize photo screening frequency. Diabet Med. 2022 Jul;39(7):e14819. doi: 10.1111/dme.14819. Epub 2022 Feb 28. PMID: 35188688; PMCID: PMC9303564.
11. Dedania VS, Bakri SJ. Novel pharmacotherapies in diabetic retinopathy. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2015 Apr-Jun;22(2):164-73. doi: 10.4103/0974-9233.154389. PMID: 25949073; PMCID: PMC4411612.
12. Nicolò M, Musetti D, Traverso CE. Yellow micropulse laser in diabetic macular edema: a short-term pilot study. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2014 Nov-Dec;24(6):885-9. doi: 10.5301/ejo.5000495. Epub 2014 Jun 2. PMID: 24905254.
13. Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network; Elman MJ, Aiello LP, Beck RW, Bressler NM, Bressler SB, Edwards AR, Ferris FL 3rd, Friedman SM, Glassman AR, Miller KM, Scott IU, Stockdale CR, Sun JK. Randomized trial evaluating ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2010 Jun;117(6):1064-1077.e35. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.02.031. Epub 2010 Apr 28. PMID: 20427088; PMCID: PMC2937272.
14. Polizzi S, Mahajan VB. Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Injections in Pregnancy: Case Series and Review of Literature. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Dec;31(10):605-10. doi: 10.1089/jop.2015.0056. Epub 2015 Aug 24. PMID: 26302032; PMCID: PMC4677108.
15. Avery RL, Castellarin AA, Steinle NC, Dhoot DS, Pieramici DJ, See R, Couvillion S, Nasir MA, Rabena MD, Maia M, Van Everen S, Le K, Hanley WD. SYSTEMIC PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS OF INTRAVITREAL AFLIBERCEPT, BEVACIZUMAB, AND RANIBIZUMAB. Retina. 2017 Oct;37(10):1847-1858. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001493. PMID: 28106709; PMCID: PMC5642319.
16. Zehetner C, Kirchmair R, Huber S, Kralinger MT, Kieselbach GF. Plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor before and after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab, ranibizumab and pegaptanib in patients with age-related macular degeneration, and in patients with diabetic macular oedema. Br J Ophthalmol. 2013 Apr;97(4):454-9. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2012-302451. Epub 2013 Feb 5. PMID: 23385630.
17. Naderan M, Sabzevary M, Rezaii K, Banafshehafshan A, Hantoushzadeh S. Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor medications during pregnancy: current perspective. Int Ophthalmol. 2021 Feb;41(2):743-751. doi: 10.1007/s10792-020-01610-2. Epub 2020 Oct 12. PMID: 33044671.
18. Chi CC, Wang SH, Kirtschig G, Wojnarowska F. Systematic review of the safety of topical corticosteroids in pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010 Apr;62(4):694-705. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.09.041. Epub 2010 Feb 1. PMID: 20117858.
19. Concillado M, Lund-Andersen H, Mathiesen ER, Larsen M. Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant for Diabetic Macular Edema During Pregnancy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2016 May;165:7-15. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2016.02.004. Epub 2016 Feb 17. PMID: 26896557.
20. Gomu?ka K, Ruta M. The Role of Inflammation and Therapeutic Concepts in Diabetic Retinopathy-A Short Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Jan 5;24(2):1024. doi: 10.3390/ijms24021024. PMID: 36674535; PMCID: PMC9864095
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